Feminism in Literature Essay

Feminism has gradu every(prenominal)y become much far-ranging and subtle in its blasts on manly-dominated society. Many injustices stable need to be corrected, but equally necessary is a more(prenominal) down-to-earth, tolerant and compassionate view of fellow human race beings. Introduction Many feminists dislike theory. Sharp intellectual categories, argumentation, seeming objectivity, and the whole tradition they grow out of atomic number 18 just what feminists be seeking to escape.And if their conclude seems unsystematic they can draw support from the psychoanalysis of Lacan and Julia Kristeva, fromDerridas deconstruction, and from Rortys view that philosophy should model itself on an edifying conversation seeking balancing rather than no-holds-barred gladiatorial combat. Androgynist Poetics Critics, being generally male, had not generally touch on themselves with gender issues. Most of the worlds great literature had been written by men. Sappho, Austen, the Brontes an d Emily Dickinson apart, it was difficult to think women really had it in them to write at the highest level.Literature was literature, and critics saw no need to distinguish a specifically feminine delegacy of writing or responding to a text. Virginia Woolf was herself a refutation of that thesis, though her mental breakdown was perhaps brought on by the strain of balancing male self-fulfillment with feminine abnegation. But in her essay Professions for Women, Woolf complained only that womens loving obligations hindered a writing career. Their lives gave them a polar perspective, but women were not fundamentally different from men in their psychological require and outlooks. GynocriticismThe gathering feminist movement very much disagreed, and argued that womens writing expressed a distinctive female consciousness, which was more discursive and conjunctive than its male counterpart. Such consciousness was radically different, and had been adversely treated. Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex documented the ways Legislators, priests, philosophers, writers and scientists receive striven to render that the subordinate position of women is leave aloneed in heaven and advantageous on earth. Women had been made to feel that they were inferior by nature and, though men paid lip-service to equality, they would balk its implementation.Some men might be sympathetic to womens issues, but only women themselves knew what they felt and wanted. And perhaps they always knew. The essays collected in Susan Cornillons 1972 anthology Images of Women in Fiction all suggested that nineteenth and twentieth century fiction was simply untrue to womens experience. Rather than search for the essentially feminine, critics now turned to the hearty context of womens writing, to the ways a male-orientated society had formed or deformed individual novels, plays and poems written by women.Adventure and romance, whoever written for, seemed to stress the male competitive element, and even the submissive partner of gay literature only imitated the female stereotype. Not all agreed, of course. Norman Mailers The Prisoner of Sex disliked the blanket criticism of Kate Millets Sexual Politics, arguing its examples were too selective chosen. Gynesis Nonetheless, by the early eighties, feminists had advanced to a much more confrontational attack on male hegemony, advocating a complete oerthrow of the biased (male) canon of literature.French feminists argued that women should write with a greater consciousness of their bodies, which would create a more honest and appropriate style of openness, fragmentation and non-linearity. Parallel studies in the visual arts stressed a feminine sensibility of soft fluid colours, an tension on the personal and decorative, and on forms that evoked the female genitalia. And the problem lay deeper still, in the language itself. Words had been coined to express a male point of view, and that was hence misogynist. Some 220 words ex ist in English for the sexually promiscuous muliebrity, but only 22 for promiscuous men.And in the sexual matters that really concerned them, the vocabulary was hopelessly restricted. Discourse was power, said Foucault, and psychoanalysts likeLacan and Kristeva stressed the liberating role that literature should play, particularly to allow the semiotic flux of the unconscious in early childhood, i. e. forrader the symbolic world of public discourse imposed its male-favouring rules. Poets worked on the boundaries of the two realms, and Kristeva urged them to engender political and feminist revolutions by dissolving the conventions of normal discourse.Gender speculation Five years later the debate had moved on, from exclusively feminine concerns to the wider issues of gender in social and cultural contexts. Patriarchy and capitalism should be examined more closely, perhaps as Althusser had attempted, and sophisticated models built to integrate the larger web of economics, education , division of labour, biological constraints and cultural assumptions. Michele Barrett demanded facts, research. How does gender stereotyping arise in various social contexts? How are the canons of literary excellence actually established?What is the practical effect on literature? Shouldnt we remember that attitudes are struck within a fictional framework, and cant be simply pulled out and convicted by a kangaroo court of feminist morals? Critique Literature will very much reflect the cultural assumptions and attitudes of its period, and that of course includes attitudes towards women their status, their roles, their expectations. But a literature doctored of male-orientated views would be failing in its offset requirement, to present a realistic or convincing picture of the world.Moralizing, which includes political correctness, has its dangers. libbers have argued for positive discrimination as the only way to correct centuries of bias. Nonetheless, the consensus emerging amo ng black Americans is that positive discrimination is counter-productive. Disadvantaged minorities desperately need the odds levelled, but not patronizingly tilted in their favour. Psychoanalysis has little scientific standing, and Lacanian theory is further disputed within the psychoanalytic community itself.Feminism does itself few favours by relying on these supports. A more damaging criticism is the concept of the feminine itself. Does it really exist? There are very real differences in the psychological make-up between the sexes, but testing also indicates what anthropologists have long accepted the expression of those differences is more pertinacious by cultural factors than sexuality per se. Feminists who argue for a more watching, fluid, and delicate attitude are not so much advocating qualities native to women but for attitudes still repressed by society.That in turn suggests society itself needs exploring rather than sex differences per se, which is indeed a view more recognized in coetaneous feminist studies. Feminist Literature Feminist literature, as the name suggests, is based on the principles of feminism, and refers to any literary work that centers around the struggle of a woman for equality, and to be accepted as a human being, before being cast into a gender stereotype. Not all these works follow a direct approach towards this goal of equality. It is only through such media that women believed a change was possible in the way they were perceived in society.Not all feminist literature has been written by women, but also by men who understood women beyond the roles they were expected to fit into, and delved into their psyche to understand their needs and desires. Some works may be fictional, while others may be non fictional. Here, we take a look into the characteristics of feminist literature, and give you a list of some(a) of the umpteen works of feminist literature, that make for a good read if you truly desire to learn extensively ab out this form of writing and what it stood for.Characteristics of Feminist Literature Feminist literature is identified by the many characteristics of the feminist movement. This will help you understand exactly what is feminist literature. Authors of feminist literature are known to understand and explain the difference between sex and gender. They believe that though a persons sex is predetermined and natural, it is the gender that has been created by society, along with a particular perception about gender roles. Gender roles, they believe, can be altered over time.The predominance of one gender over the other, is a common concept across almost all societies, and the fact that it is not in favor of women is an underlying, yet blatant, characteristic of feminist or womens literature. Here, it is argued that any society that does not provide channels of learning and knowledge to both genders equally is not a complete and impartial society. Critics argue that on that point wasnt mu ch difference between male and female authors, and that there was no need to identify a separate class of literature termed as feminist or look for traces of feminism in literature.However, if you read any such work, you will realize how such writers criticized societys andocentric (male-centered) approach, and tried to understand the beliefs and needs of the opposite sex with a subjective, and not an objective, approach. Take for example Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. The protagonist, Elizabeth Bennett was a woman of her mind. Despite the societal pressure (put on her by her mother) to choose a partner, and to lead a life that was decided for all women, she decided to choose her own path towards what she wanted.And none of this was blatantly approached. She did not put an outward fight, in order to choose her life course. The entire piece of work is subtle, and the only clear characteristic of the protagonist you will bank note is her assertiveness. And that is one clear charac teristic of the feminist approach toward literature. Women in literature of the feminist nature are always featured as the protagonist, who, more much than not, do not readily accept the traditional role of women as decided by society.They are ready to make their own decisions, to express this selection of personal decision-making, and are ready to deal with the consequences of these choices, actions, and decisions. Though a daughter, a mother, a sister, or a wife, any piece of feminist literature first deals with a woman as a woman. It is not these relationships, roles, or stereotypes that give these female characters in literature their identity. Their identity is defined by their choices and their beliefs which are therefore associated with these roles.It is important to note, that, not all works of feminist literature have happy endings, both for the character, and for the author of the work. Women have been ostracized by society for openly demanding equality, and have had to face several negative consequences of their decision to go against the waves. Not only feminist literature, women have been treated as important subjects even in many literary works by men. For instance, Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian author and playwright, often focused on women, womens issues, their troubles faced by society, and the decisions they made based on their personal values and beliefs.If you take a look at the play called A Dolls House, by this very same author, you will clearly notice the strength and character of the protagonist. Not all, but some pieces of feminist literature (particularly non-fiction) showcase and stress on womens suffrage and a demand for equality in society, for political, social, and economic rights. In modern feminist literature, the attack on a male-dominated society became more forthright and straightforward, where women demanded a nearer look into the patriarchal and capitalistic approach towards feminism.